Thursday, 10 September 2015

Venomous Spiders 5


Black Widow Spider (Latrodectus mactans)

The black widow is responsible for more than 2,500 visits to poison control centers every year in the U.S. It is one species that can be found from the United States and parts of Canada through Latin America and the West Indies. The most common member of Latrodectus in North America, it makes its home in a variety of settings, such as woodpiles, burrows, or among plants that serve as supports for its web.
The female is shiny black and usually has a reddish to yellow hourglass design on the underside of the spherical abdomen. Sometimes two small triangles, instead of a complete hourglass, are present. The body is about 2.5 cm (1 inch) long. The male, seldom seen because it is often killed and eaten by the female after mating (hence the spider’s name), is about one-fourth the size of the female. In addition to the hourglass design, the male often has pairs of red and white stripes on the sides of the abdomen.
Its bite, which may feel like a pinprick on the skin, often produces severe muscle pain and cramping, nausea, and mild paralysis of the diaphragm, which makes breathing difficult. Most victims recover without serious complications. Although the bite is thought to be fatal to very small children and the elderly, no deaths have been attributed to bites by widow spiders in the United States.




Latrodectus mactans, or Southern black widow or simply black widow, is a highly venomous species of spider in the genus Latrodectus. They are well known for the distinctive black and red coloring of the female of the species that will occasionally eat her mate after reproduction. The species is native to North America. The venom is seldom fatal to healthy humans.[1]

Taxonomy

Latrodectus mactans was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, placing it in the genus Aranea.[2] It is currently placed amongst the Theridiidae family of the order Araneae.[3] The species is closely related to Latrodectus hesperus (western black widow) and Latrodectus variolus (northern black widow). Members of the three species are often confused with the genus Steatoda, the False Widows. Prior to 1970, when the current taxonomic divisions for North American black widows were set forth by Kaston,[4] all three varieties were classified as a single species, L. mactans. As a result, there exist numerous references which claim that "black widow" (without any geographic modifier) applies to L. mactans alone. Common usage of the term "black widow" makes no distinction between the three species.

Description

The mature female is around 1.5 in (38 mm) long and 0.25 in (6.4 mm) in diameter.[5] She is shiny and black in color, with a red marking in the shape of an hourglass on the ventral (under) side of her very rounded abdomen.[6] There is much variation in female size, particularly in egg-carrying (gravid) females. The abdomen of a gravid female can be more than 1.25 cm (~0.5 in) in diameter. Many female widows also have an orange or red patch just above the spinnerets on the top of the abdomen.[7]
The male is either purple, or closer to the appearance of the juveniles in color, and is much smaller with a body of less than 0.75 cm (< 0.25 in).
Juveniles have a distinctly different appearance from the adults; the abdomen is grayish to black with white stripes running across it and is spotted with yellow and orange.[7]
The distinctive red hourglass marking.

Range

The southern widow is primarily found in (and is indigenous to) the southeastern United States, ranging as far north as Ohio and as far west as Texas.[8] The northern black widow (L. variolus) is found primarily in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada, though its range overlaps with that of L. mactans. In Canada, black widows range in the southern parts of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario.[9] In the Dominican Republic it is found throughout the whole country.[10][11]
Latrodectus mactans, along with Latrodectus hesperus and Latrodectus geometricus (the "brown widow spider"), is established in the Hawaiian Islands (USA).[12][13] One pathway of entry into Hawaii for at least one of these black widow species is imported produce[14] (which is also considered an important potential pathway for widow spiders elsewhere[15]).

Reproduction

When a male is mature, he spins a sperm web, deposits semen on it, and charges his palpi with the sperm. Black widow spiders reproduce sexually when the male inserts his palpus into the female's spermathecal openings. The female deposits her eggs in a globular silken container in which they remain camouflaged and guarded. A female black widow spider can produce four to nine egg sacs in one summer, each containing about 100–400 eggs. Usually, eggs incubate for twenty to thirty days. It is rare for more than a hundred to survive this process. On average, thirty will survive through the first molting, because of cannibalism, lack of food, or lack of proper shelter. It takes two to four months for black widow spiders to mature enough to breed, however full maturation typically takes six to nine months. The females can live for up to three years, while a male's lifespan is about three days.[16] The female may eat the male after mating. The male will approach the female to ensure she knows he is not food. He will inseminate her, after wrapping her in a thin layer of web. If he can not get away fast enough the female may eat him.

Prey

Black widow spiders typically prey on a variety of insects, but occasionally they do feed on woodlice, diplopods, chilopods and other arachnids. The spider's web is even strong enough to catch animals as large as mice.[17] When the prey is entangled by the web, Latrodectus mactans quickly comes out of its retreat, wraps the prey securely in its strong web, then bites and envenoms its prey. The venom takes about ten minutes to take effect; in the meantime, the prey is held tightly by the spider. When movements of the prey cease, digestive enzymes are released into the wound. The black widow spider then carries its prey back to its retreat before feeding.[18]

Natural enemies

There are various parasites and predators of widow spiders in North America, though apparently none of these have ever been evaluated in terms of augmentation programs for improved biocontrol. Parasites of the egg sacs include the flightless scelionid wasp Baeus latrodecti, and members of the chloropid fly genus Pseudogaurax. Predators of the adult spiders include a few wasps, most notably the blue mud dauber, Chalybion californicum, and the spider wasp Tastiotenia festiva. Other species including Mantis or Centipede also will occasionally and opportunistically take widows as prey, but the preceding all exhibit some significant specific preference for Latrodectus.

Toxicology

Main article: Latrodectism
See also: Spider bite
Although the reputation of these spiders is notorious and their venom does affect humans, only mature females pose a serious threat to people; their chelicerae—the hollow, needle-like mouthparts that inject venom—are, at approximately 1 mm., or .04 in., long enough to inject venom into humans, unlike those of the much smaller males. The actual amount injected, even by a mature female, is variable. When this small amount of venom travels throughout the body, it acts explosively on nerve endings, causing the very unpleasant symptoms of latrodectism. Deaths in healthy adults from Latrodectus bites are exceedingly rare, with no deaths despite two thousand bites yearly. On the other hand, the geographical range of the widow spiders is vast. Epidemics of mostly European Widow spider bites had been recorded from 1850 to 1950. Deaths were reported from 2/1000 to 50. The Western Black Widow had been reported as 5% in the 1920s. At that same time, antivenom was introduced.[19] The LD-50 of L. mactans venom has been measured in mice as 1.39 mg/kg,[20] and separately as 1.30 mg/kg (with a confidence interval of 1.20-2.70).[21]
There are a number of active components in the venom:
The venom is neurotoxic.

References

  1. http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2061A.html
  2. Fabricius, J. C. 1775. Systema entomologiae, sistens insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adiectis, synonymis, locis descriptionibus observationibus. Flensburg and Lipsiae, 832 pp. (Araneae, pp. 431-441). [432]
  3. Platnick, N. I.2008. The World Spider Catalog, version 9.0. American Museum of Natural History. [1]
  4. Kaston, B. J. (1970). "Comparative biology of American black widow spiders". Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History 16 (3): 33–82.
  5. Latrodectus hesperus. "Black Widow Spider, Black Widow Spider Profile, Facts, Information, Photos, Pictures, Sounds, Habitats, Reports, News - National Geographic". Animals.nationalgeographic.com. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  6. "Southern black widow spider". Insects.tamu.edu. Retrieved 2009-03-10.
  7. "Widow Spiders". Ext.vt.edu. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  8. Southern black widow spider
  9. [2]
  10. Marion H., Luis (1980-02-03). "Aracnoidismo en la Republica Dominicana" (PDF). Medicina al Dia (in Spanish) (BVS). Retrieved 2012-10-08.
  11. Inirio, Juan Ramon (2009-11-06). "Detectan la peligrosa viuda negra". El Nacional (in Spanish). Retrieved 2012-10-08.
  12. Tenorio, Joanne M., and Gordon M. Nishida. 1995. What's Bugging Me? Identifying and Controlling Household Pests in Hawaii. University of Hawaii Press (Honolulu). 184+7 pp. illus. (publisher's listing)
  13. Scott, Susan, and Craig Thomas, M.D. 2000. Pest of Paradise: First Aid and Medical Treatment of Injuries from Hawaii's Animals. University of Hawaii Press (Honolulu). 190+xii pp. illus. (publisher's listing)
  14. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 6 November 2008. Creepy critter caught in grapes.
  15. Import Health Standard Commodity Sub-class: Fresh Fruit/Vegetables Table grapes, (Vitis vinifera) from the United States of America--State of California (Issued pursuant to Section 22 of the (New Zealand) Biosecurity Act 1993; Date Issued: 18 August 2005).
  16. "Black Widow Spiders". DesertUSA.
  17. Latrodetus Mactans McCorkle, Matthew. 17 October 2002.
  18. Foelix, R. (1982). Biology of Spiders, pp. 162-163. Harvard University, U.S.
  19. Bettini S. Epidemiology of latrodectism. Toxicon 1964; 2:93-101.
  20. Rauber, Albert (1 January 1983). "Black Widow Spider Bites". Clinical Toxicology 21 (4-5): 473–485. doi:10.3109/15563658308990435. PMID 6381753.
  21. McCrone, J.D. (1 December 1964). "Comparative lethality of several Latrodectus venoms". Toxicon 2 (3): 201–203. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(64)90023-6.

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